About / Caroline S

Caroline S edits Peptide Lexicon. She decides which compounds the library carries, holds every entry to the standard published on the methodology page before it runs, and is the person to write to about a correction.

Her rule for the site is a short one: a claim either has a source a reader can open, or it does not run. The rule she enforces hardest is the one this subject breaks most often — a result found in animals is never written as though it were found in people.

Corrections and questions go through the contact page.

Written by Caroline S

• Bleomycin: A Glycopeptide Antibiotic Used as Cancer Chemotherapy — What It Is, How It Breaks DNA and What Its Label Warns

  2026-10-22

• CagriSema: Cagrilintide Plus Semaglutide in One Weekly Injection — What It Is and What the REDEFINE Trials Show

  2026-10-22

• MK-677 (Ibutamoren): Not a Peptide but a Pill That Mimics Ghrelin — What It Is and What Its Human Trials Show

  2026-10-22

• Palopegteriparatide (Yorvipath): Teriparatide on a Slow-Release Carrier for Hypoparathyroidism — What It Is and What Its Label Shows

  2026-10-22

• Pegcetacoplan (Empaveli, Syfovre): Two 15-Residue Peptides on a PEG Chain That Block Complement C3 — What It Is and What Its Labels Show

  2026-10-22

• Collagen Peptides: What Hydrolysed Collagen Is, Molecule by Molecule — and What Reaches the Blood

  2026-10-20

• GLP-1 (Glucagon-Like Peptide-1): The 30-Amino-Acid Gut Hormone, Its Gene and Its Rapid Breakdown

  2026-10-20

• Lactoferrin: The Iron-Binding Milk Protein — and Lactoferricin, the Peptide Cut From It

  2026-10-20

• Prolactin: The 199-Amino-Acid Pituitary Hormone Behind Milk Production — a Protein, Not a Short Peptide

  2026-10-20

• Somatropin (Human Growth Hormone, HGH): The 191-Amino-Acid Pituitary Protein and Its Recombinant Copies

  2026-10-20

• Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP): The Heart's 28-Amino-Acid Salt-and-Water Hormone — What It Is and What the Evidence Shows

  2026-10-17

• Dotatate (Lutathera, NETSPOT, Detectnet): The Eight-Amino-Acid Peptide Behind PRRT and the DOTATATE PET Scan

  2026-10-17

• GIP (Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide): The 42-Amino-Acid Gut Hormone Tirzepatide Is Built On

  2026-10-17

• Parathyroid Hormone (PTH): The 84-Amino-Acid Calcium Hormone — What It Is, How It Works, and the Drugs Cut From It

  2026-10-17

• Vipivotide Tetraxetan (Pluvicto): The PSMA-Targeting Radioligand — Not a Classic Peptide, and What Its Three Trials Show

  2026-10-17

• Glatiramer Acetate (Copaxone): A Random Chain of Four Amino Acids Used in Multiple Sclerosis — What It Is and What Its Label Shows

  2026-10-15

• Pinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg): A Three-Amino-Acid 'Bioregulator' Sold for the Brain — What It Is and What the Research Actually Shows

  2026-10-15

• Romiplostim (Nplate): A 'Peptibody' That Tells the Bone Marrow to Make Platelets — What It Is and What Its Label Shows

  2026-10-15

• TRH (Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone): The Three-Amino-Acid Signal at the Top of the Thyroid Axis — What It Is and What the Record Shows

  2026-10-15

• Vosoritide (Voxzogo): A 39-Amino-Acid Copy of the Body's CNP for Achondroplasia — What It Is and What Its Label Shows

  2026-10-15

• Bortezomib (Velcade): A Two-Amino-Acid Boronic Acid That Blocks the Proteasome — What It Is and What Its Label Shows

  2026-10-14

• Carfilzomib (Kyprolis): A Four-Amino-Acid Chain That Locks the Proteasome Shut — What It Is and What Its Label Shows

  2026-10-14

• Cyclosporine: The 11-Amino-Acid Ring That Works by Mouth — What It Is, What It Is Approved For and What Its Labels Warn

  2026-10-14

• Polymyxin B: The 1950s Peptide Antibiotic Brought Back for Resistant Infections — What It Is and What Its Label Warns

  2026-10-14

• Procalcitonin: The 116-Amino-Acid Precursor Behind a Common Blood Test — What It Is and What the Test Is Cleared For

  2026-10-14

• Bacitracin: The Ring-Shaped Peptide in First-Aid Ointment — What It Is, Where It Is Allowed and Why the Injection Was Withdrawn

  2026-10-11

• Cholecystokinin (CCK): The Gut Hormone That Empties the Gallbladder — Its Forms, Its Receptors and Sincalide, the Diagnostic Copy

  2026-10-11

• Daptomycin: A Ring of Amino Acids With a Fatty Tail That Kills Gram-Positive Bacteria — What It Is and What Its Label Shows

  2026-10-11

• Secretin: The Gut Hormone Bayliss and Starling Found in 1902 — A 27-Amino-Acid Gut Peptide, Its Diagnostic Use and the Autism Claim That Failed

  2026-10-11

• Vancomycin: The Glycopeptide Antibiotic Built on a Seven-Amino-Acid Core — What It Is and What Its Labels Show

  2026-10-11

• CGRP (Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide): The 37-Amino-Acid Vessel-Widener Behind Eight Migraine Drugs — None of Which Is CGRP

  2026-10-06

• Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH): The 41-Amino-Acid Signal That Starts the Stress-Hormone Chain

  2026-10-06

• Dalbavancin: An Antibiotic Built on Seven Amino Acids, With a Fatty Tail, Given Once or Twice for a Skin Infection

  2026-10-06

• Gastrin: The Stomach Hormone That Switches On Acid — Its Forms, Its Receptor and What a Blood Test Measures

  2026-10-06

• Micafungin: A Ring of Six Amino Acids With a Fatty Tail, Used Against Candida — What It Is and What Its Label Shows

  2026-10-06

• Carnosine: The Two-Amino-Acid Peptide Stored in Muscle — and Why Swallowing It Barely Reaches Blood

  2026-10-05

• Cosyntropin: The First 24 Residues of ACTH, Used to Test the Adrenal Glands

  2026-10-05

• Degarelix: The Ten-Residue Hormone Blocker That Drops Testosterone in Days, Without a Flare

  2026-10-05

• Eptifibatide: The Heart-Attack Drug Modelled on a Rattlesnake Venom Peptide

  2026-10-05

• IGF-1: The 70-Residue Hormone Behind Growth Hormone — and Mecasermin, Its Approved Copy

  2026-10-05

• Amyloid-Beta: The 40- and 42-Amino-Acid Peptides Behind Alzheimer's Plaques — and the Antibodies Aimed at Them

  2026-10-04

• Angiotensin: The Blood-Pressure Peptides Cut From One Protein — and the Approved Angiotensin II Infusion

  2026-10-04

• Calcitonin: The 32-Amino-Acid Thyroid Hormone — and Why the Medicine Is Made From Salmon's Version

  2026-10-04

• Leptin: The Fat-Cell Hormone That Signals Energy Stores — a Protein, Not a Short Peptide

  2026-10-04

• Peptidoglycan: The Bacterial Cell Wall Made of Sugars and Short Peptides — Not a Supplement

  2026-10-04

• ACTH (Corticotropin): The 39-Amino-Acid Pituitary Hormone That Drives Cortisol — and Its Gel and Test Forms

  2026-10-03

• Are Peptides Good for You, or Safe? The Library Counted

  2026-10-21

• GLP-2: The 33-Amino-Acid Gut Hormone That Grows the Intestinal Lining — and the Template for Teduglutide

  2026-10-03

• Orexin (Hypocretin): The Wakefulness Peptides — Lost in Narcolepsy, Blocked by Sleep Drugs

  2026-10-03

• Relaxin: The Two-Chain Pregnancy Hormone — and Why Its Drug Version Failed in Heart Failure

  2026-10-03

• Substance P: The 11-Amino-Acid Pain and Inflammation Messenger — and the Nausea Drugs That Block It

  2026-10-03

• Amylin: The 37-Amino-Acid Hormone Released With Insulin — and the Template for Today's Amylin Drugs

  2026-10-02

• Bradykinin: The Nine-Amino-Acid Swelling Signal Behind Hereditary Angioedema and the ACE-Inhibitor Cough

  2026-10-02

• Ganirelix: The Ten-Amino-Acid IVF Drug That Blocks the Ovulation Signal Without Switching It On First

  2026-10-02

• Goserelin: The GnRH Copy Sold as a 1-mm Implant That Dissolves Under the Skin

  2026-10-02

• Selank Amidate: A Name With No Chemical Record and No Published Study

  2026-10-02

• Terlipressin: Vasopressin With Three Extra Glycines — the First US Drug for Hepatorenal Syndrome

  2026-10-02

• Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide (CCP): The Laboratory Bait Behind the Anti-CCP Arthritis Test

  2026-09-30

• Ghrelin: The 28-Amino-Acid Hunger Hormone That Only Works With a Fatty Acid Attached

  2026-09-30

• Hepcidin: The Liver's 25-Amino-Acid Iron Switch — and, Since August 2026, an Approved Drug That Copies It

  2026-09-30

• Lanreotide: The Somatostatin Copy That Forms Its Own Depot — and Now Has Three US Makers

  2026-09-30

• Somatostatin: The Body's Hormone Brake, 14 Amino Acids Long — and the Template for Three Drugs in This Library

  2026-09-30

• Abaloparatide: The Bone-Building Peptide Modelled on PTHrP, Not on Parathyroid Hormone

  2026-09-28

• Linaclotide: The Peptide Swallowed as a Capsule — and Designed Never to Reach the Blood

  2026-09-28

• Setmelanotide: The Eight-Amino-Acid Obesity Drug for Broken Hunger Signalling — and Why It Darkens Skin

  2026-09-28

• Teduglutide: GLP-2 With One Letter Changed — the Gut-Growth Peptide for Short Bowel Syndrome

  2026-09-28

• Ziconotide: The Cone-Snail Venom Peptide Given Into the Spine for Severe Chronic Pain

  2026-09-28

• Dulaglutide: A GLP-1 Peptide Bolted to an Antibody Fragment — 15 Times Heavier Than Semaglutide

  2026-09-27

• Eloralintide: Lilly's Weekly Amylin Drug — One Finished Trial of 263 People, Five Phase 3 Trials Under Way

  2026-09-27

• Exenatide: The First GLP-1 Drug, Found in Gila Monster Venom — and Now Down to One US Product

  2026-10-14

• Leuprolide: A Nine-Amino-Acid Signal That Switches Sex Hormones Off by Switching Them On First

  2026-09-27

• Pramlintide: The First Amylin Drug — Three Prolines Borrowed From the Rat, and a Brand Now Discontinued

  2026-09-27

• Glucagon: The 29-Amino-Acid Hormone That Raises Blood Sugar — Now Sprayed, Pre-Mixed and Re-Engineered

  2026-09-24

• Liraglutide: The First Daily GLP-1 Copy, One Amino Acid From the Hormone — and Now a Generic

  2026-09-24

• Octreotide: An Eight-Amino-Acid Stand-In for Somatostatin — and a Capsule That Needs 200 Times the Dose

  2026-09-24

• Teriparatide: The First 34 Amino Acids of Parathyroid Hormone, Used to Build Bone

  2026-09-24

• Vasopressin: The Nine-Amino-Acid Water Hormone Hospitals Use to Hold Up Blood Pressure

  2026-09-24

• B7-33: A One-Chain Relaxin Fragment With Eleven Papers, All in Cells and Animals

  2026-09-23

• Desmopressin: The Nine-Amino-Acid Peptide That Works Even Swallowed — at 0.16% Absorption

  2026-09-23

• Enobosarm (Ostarine): Not a Peptide, Two Failed Phase 3s, and a New Life Beside GLP-1 Drugs

  2026-09-23

• N-Acetyl Semax Amidate: A Vendor-Made Variant of Semax With No Published Study Under Its Name

  2026-09-23

• Thymogen (Glu-Trp): A Two-Amino-Acid Russian Immunomodulator With an American Phase 3 Under Another Name

  2026-09-23

• Amlexanox: A Mouth-Ulcer Paste Tested for Diabetes, Where the Placebo Group Lost More Weight

  2026-09-21

• Ecnoglutide: A GLP-1 Approved in China in 2026, With No US Filing on Record

  2026-09-21

• Myostatin Inhibitor Peptides: Every Drug in Trials Is an Antibody or a Fusion Protein, Not a Peptide

  2026-09-21

• Peptide vs Protein: The Chemistry Draws No Line, US Law Draws One at 40, and Insulin Crossed It in 2020

  2026-09-21

• Peptides for Menopause: The Peptide That Matters Most Is the Body's Own, and the Approved Drugs Block It

  2026-09-21

• Apitegromab: A Myostatin Antibody Whose Phase 3 Worked on the Pooled Dose and Not on the Single One

  2026-09-20

• P21: A Four-Residue Compound Sharing Its Name With One of Biology's Most-Studied Proteins

  2026-09-20

• Peptides for Energy: One Has an Approved Label, and Its Fatigue Trial Missed

  2026-09-20

• Peptides for Healing: Every Registered Trial of the Compounds People Buy for It, Counted

  2026-09-20

• Peptides for Inflammation: The One With Sixty-Six Trials Is Not the One Being Sold

  2026-09-20

• BNP and NT-proBNP: One Hormone, Two Tests, and Why They Disagree

  2026-09-19

• GLOW: The Three Components, and What Each One's Record Actually Holds

  2026-09-19

• Lipo-C: What Is in a Lipotropic Injection, and What the Literature Holds

  2026-09-19

• Pentadeca Arginate (PDA): What the Public Record Holds

  2026-10-07

• The Peptide Chain: What It Is, and How Long the Real Ones Are

  2026-09-19

• KLOW: What Is Actually in the 80 mg Vial, Weighed and Counted

  2026-09-18

• NAD+ Is Not a Peptide: What It Actually Is, and What Its Trials Actually Test

  2026-09-18

• The Peptide Bond: What It Is, and the Arithmetic You Can Check Yourself

  2026-09-18

• What Peptides Are Used For: An Index of This Library, by Purpose

  2026-09-18

• The Wolverine Stack: What the Two Molecules Are, and Where Their Trials Come From

  2026-09-18

• Bimagrumab: The Muscle-Sparing Antibody That Failed in Muscle Disease and Came Back for Weight Loss

  2026-09-17

• hCG: The Pregnancy Hormone Whose Own Label Says It Does Not Work for Weight Loss

  2026-09-17

• Oxytocin: An Approved Labour Drug, and the Nasal Spray Whose Biggest Trial Found Nothing

  2026-09-17

• Trevogrumab: A Myostatin Antibody With One Trial Under Its Name and Seven More Under a Code

  2026-09-17

• Triptorelin: The GnRH Drug That Stimulates the Hormone Axis First and Shuts It Down After

  2026-09-17

• Amino Acid Chart: The Twenty, With the Masses Derived Rather Than Copied

  2026-09-16

• C-Peptide: The Offcut From Insulin, and Why Laboratories Measure It

  2026-09-16

• GLP-3: There Is No Such Thing in People — But There Is in Sharks

  2026-09-16

• Orforglipron: The Biggest GLP-1 Drug in Development Is Not a Peptide

  2026-09-16

• Thymosin Beta-4: A Real Clinical Programme, For Eyes and Hearts

  2026-09-16

• Larazotide: A Peptide That Reached Phase 3 in Coeliac Disease, and the Name It Shares With an Approved Drug

  2026-09-15

• Melanotan I (Afamelanotide): The Approved Drug Whose Label Treats Tanning as a Side Effect

  2026-09-15

• Noopept: A Two-Residue Dipeptide With No Registered Trial Anywhere

  2026-09-15

• Adipotide: One Human Trial, Four Patients, Filed Under Another Name

  2026-09-13

• ARA-290: Real Trials, and the Numbers Nobody Reads

  2026-09-13

• GHRP-2: Approved Somewhere — as a Test, Not a Treatment

  2026-09-13

• Humanin: Seven Registry Records, None of Them a Dose

  2026-09-13

• SNAP-8: Two Papers, and Neither One Tests It Alone

  2026-09-13

• AICAR: Over 3,000 People Have Received It, None of Them for Fat Loss

  2026-09-11

• Cartalax: Six Papers, All of Them in a Dish

  2026-09-11

• GHRP-6: 307 Human Papers and Not One Registered Trial

  2026-09-11

• SLU-PP-332: Ten Papers, No Human Trial, and a Doping Test That Already Exists

  2026-09-11

• Thymalin: 195 Human Papers, a Six-Year Mortality Study, and No Registry Entry

  2026-09-11

• AOD-9604 (HGH Fragment 176-191): More Papers on Detecting It Than on What It Does

  2026-09-10

• Glutathione: 57 Records in the US Drug Database, and Not One Is a Glutathione Medicine

  2026-09-10

• LL-37: 1,827 Human Papers, 20 Registered Trials, and Not One Company Behind Them

  2026-09-10

• Matrixyl: A Trade Name, Not a Molecule — and the Reason Its Studies Are Hard to Count

  2026-09-09

• Mazdutide: The One Compound in This Library With a Real Independent Literature

  2026-09-09

• Survodutide: A Dual Agonist Tested Almost Entirely by One Company, in Liver Disease as Much as Obesity

  2026-09-09

• VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide): 15,146 Papers, and One Entry in the US Drug Database

  2026-09-09

• Argireline: A Cosmetic Peptide Whose Only Serious Trials Were Run by the NIH for an Eye Disorder

  2026-09-08

• Follistatin: The Muscle Protein You Cannot Buy, Whatever the Vial Says

  2026-09-08

• Gonadorelin: A Hormone That Was Twice an Approved US Medicine, and Is Now Sold as a Research Chemical

  2026-09-08

• Hexarelin: 27 Randomized Trials, and Not One Entry in the Trial Registry

  2026-09-08

• Retatrutide: Thirty-Three Registered Trials, One Sponsor, No Approval Anywhere

  2026-09-22

• Semaglutide: One Molecule Sold in Five Dose Scales That Do Not Convert

  2026-09-23

• Thymosin Alpha-1: Approved in Dozens of Countries, Never in the United States

  2026-09-08

• Tirzepatide: Two Hormone Receptors, Two Brand Names, One Dose Scale

  2026-10-07

• 5-Amino-1MQ Is Not a Peptide Either: What It Is and What Has Been Shown

  2026-09-07

• Cagrilintide: The Amylin Half of CagriSema, and What the Trials Showed

  2026-09-07

• Cerebrolysin: A Pig-Brain Peptide Mixture, and What Cochrane Found

  2026-09-07

• CJC-1295: Two Different Compounds Sold Under One Name

  2026-09-07

• Dihexa: A Very Potent Compound With Almost No Human Record

  2026-09-07

• DSIP: A Sleep Peptide From 1977 That Never Went Anywhere

  2026-10-19

• Epitalon: The Telomere Peptide, and Who Did the Research

  2026-10-21

• GHK-Cu: A Copper-Carrying Tripeptide With One Randomized Trial, and It Was Negative

  2026-09-08

• IGF-1 LR3: A Laboratory Reagent Sold as a Physique Compound

  2026-09-07

• Ipamorelin: A Drug Programme That Was Tested Twice and Then Stopped

  2026-09-07

• Kisspeptin: The Reproductive Switch, and Why the FDA Restricted It

  2026-09-07

• KPV: Three Amino Acids From a Hormone You Already Have

  2026-10-19

• Melanotan II: The Tanning Peptide, and the Case Reports Behind It

  2026-09-07

• MOTS-c: A Peptide Your Own Mitochondria Make, Measured in Humans and Rarely Given to Them

  2026-10-19

• Peptides for Focus and Mood: The Russian Compounds and the Evidence Problem

  2026-09-07

• Peptides for Immunity: What Is Real Biology and What Is Marketing

  2026-09-07

• Peptides for Joints and Tendons: Where the Healing Claims Come From

  2026-09-07

• Peptides for Longevity: The Claims, and What Sits Behind Them

  2026-09-07

• Peptides for Sleep: What Is Actually Being Studied, and What Is Not

  2026-09-07

• Selank: A Russian Anxiolytic Peptide, and What Exists Outside Russia

  2026-09-07

• Semax: A Registered Russian Medicine With No Trials on the International Registry

  2026-10-19

• Sermorelin: The Approved Drug That Was Withdrawn for Business Reasons, Not Safety

  2026-09-07

• SS-31 (Elamipretide): The Mitochondrial Peptide That Reached Real Trials

  2026-10-03

• Tesofensine Is Not a Peptide: What It Actually Is, and What the Trials Showed

  2026-09-07

• BPC-157: What It Is, What It Is Said to Be Good For, and What the Research Shows

  2026-10-19

• PT-141 (Bremelanotide): Approved as Vyleesi, and What the Approval Covers

  2026-09-06

• TB-500 Is Not Thymosin Beta-4: What It Actually Is, and What the Research Shows

  2026-10-19

• Tesamorelin: An Approved Drug for One Narrow Use, and What It Is Not For

  2026-09-06

• What Are Peptides? A Plain Explanation, and What They Actually Do

  2026-09-06

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